AnaSayfa; Hakkımızda; Kargo ve Teslimat; Gizlilik ve Güvenlik; Üye ol; Üye Girişi AyasofyaMüzesi Hakkında. Ayasofya Müzesi. Fatih Sultan Mehmet’in İstanbul’u fethinden sonra camiye çevrilen kilise, 1935 yılında Atatürk’ün talimatı ile müzeye çevrilmişti. O gün bugündür müze olarak hizmet vermeye devam ediyor. Müze, Türkiye’nin en çok ziyaret edilen ilk 3 müzesi arasında yer alıyor. TranslateAyasofya Müzesi from Turkish to English using Glosbe automatic translator that uses newest achievements in neural networks. DavutBektaş. 1981 yılında merhum hattat Yusuf Ergün’den (Erzincanî) kısa bir süre Sülüs ve 1982’den itibaren de hattat Hasan Çelebi’den Sülüs, Nesih ve Rik’a meşk ederek 1994’de icazet almıştır. 2002 yılından vefatına kadar da Prof. Dr. Ali Alparslan’dan Talik ve Divani meşk etmiştir. Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi MaceraDolu Amerika 2014. Yıllar evvel yaptığım bir California - Nevada motosiklet turunda çektiğimiz bir fotoğrafın instagramda yer almasının, beni bu sene Las Vegas'ta düzenlenen SharePoint Conference 2014'e göndereceği aklımın ucundan bile geçmezdi. Güzel bir Cumartesi sabahı. Yogamı da yaptım, uçuşa hazırım. Seturile Ayasofya Müzesi’nde gece turu Setur, ünlü seyahat uzmanı ve yazarı Şerif Yenen rehberliğinde Ayasofya Müzesi’ne özel gece turları düzenlemeye başladı. l iHpzL. Hagia Sophia, whose full name is Saint Sophia Museum, is a historical museum in Istanbul. It was a basilica planned patriarchal cathedral built by the Byzantine Emperor Justinianus between the years 532-537 in the old city center of Istanbul and was converted into a mosque by Fatih Sultan Mehmet in 1453 after Istanbul was taken by the Ottomans. Since 1935, Hagia Sophia serves as a museum. Hagia Sophia is a domed basilica type that combines the basilica plan and the central plan in terms of architects and is considered as an important turning point in the history of architecture with its dome transition and bearing system word “hagia” in the name of Hagia Sophia comes from the word “holy, saint” and the word “sophia” comes from the word sophos, meaning “wisdom” in Ancient Greek. Therefore, the name “hagia sophia” means “sacred wisdom” or “divine wisdom” and is considered one of the three attributes of God in the Orthodox building, which has been standing for 15 centuries, is among the masterpieces of art history and the world of architecture and has become a symbol of Byzantine architecture with its large of Hagia SophiaFirst and Second Hagia SophiaBefore Hagia Sophia was built, there are two different churches that were built in the same place. The first of these is the church built in 360 by Konstantius, the son of Constantine. This church was called Megale Eklesia that means ’the Great Church’’. In the time of Emperor Arkadius, it burned during riots in 404. The second Teodosius, who came to the throne after Arkadios, built a new church instead of the destroyed church and it survived until Hagia SophiaIn 532, during the reign of Justinian, the people of the city started a great rebellion due to unrest. This uprising, referred to as the Nika Uprising in history, caused great damage to almost the entire city. Justinianus suppressed this revolt, but realized that the city needed to be rebuilt. This was an opportunity for Justinian, and he begun preparations to rebuild the city. Just as Constantine wanted to establish New Rome, Justinianus had a similar purpose. However, this time he aimed to establish New Jerusalem instead of New it is known Jerusalem, was a very important and holy city for all divine religions. The most important reason for this was that it was first built by Solomon. It is the Temple of Jerusalem that was rebuilt after it was demolished in the 6th century. This temple was where God met his people. Therefore, it was considered the most sacred place. While Justinianus was building the New Jerusalem, he also wanted to build the New invited the two most important architects of his time before him and talked about his plan. These architects were Antemius with Tralles and Isidoros with Miletus. By looking at the plan, Antemius and Isidorus stated their views on the fact that this building was impossible to build; however, Justinianus was determined that this church needs to be built. Construction begun on 23 February 532 and the church opened to worship on 27 December after its construction, cracks appeared in the main dome and the eastern half dome in 553 Gölcük and 557 Istanbul earthquakes. In the earthquake of May 7, 558, the main dome completely collapsed and the first ambon, siborium and altar were crushed and destroyed. The emperor immediately started the restoration work and led the younger İsidorus, the nephew of Isidoros from Miletus, to the beginning of this work. In order to prevent the collapse of the earthquake this time, light material was used in the construction of the dome, and the dome was made 6,25 m higher than before. The restoration work was completed in Hagia Sophia was built, it was the largest building in the world, apart from the pyramids, and remained like this for nearly 1000 years. Its dome was considered the largest and highest dome for 1000 Sophia, the center of the Orthodoxism of Constantinople for centuries, also hosted imperial ceremonies such as the coronation ceremonies of Byzantium. Hagia Sophia has also been a shelter for Invasion PeriodDuring the Fourth Crusades, the crusaders under the command of the Venetian Republic seized Istanbul and looted Hagia Sophia. Many holy relics such as torino shroud, a piece of Jesus tombstone, Jesus’ cloth, the milk of Mary and the bones of the saints, and valuable items made of gold and silver were stolen from the church. In this period, Hagia Sophia was transformed into a cathedral attached to the Roman Catholic Church. On May 16, 1204, Latin Emperor I. Baudouin wore the imperial crown in Hagia Byzantine PeriodWhen Hagia Sophia came under the control of the Byzantines again in 1261, it was in a state of devastation, ruin and destruction. Emperor II in 1317 received the financing of Andronikos from the legacy of his deceased wife, Irini, and added 4 retaining walls to the north and east parts of the building. In the earthquake of 1344, new cracks appeared in the dome, and on 19 May 1346 various parts of the building collapsed. After this event, the church remained closed until the restoration work of architects named Astras and Peralta began in Empire Mosque PeriodAfter the conquest of Istanbul by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the Hagia Sophia Church was immediately converted into a mosque as a symbol of the conquest. Fatih Sultan Mehmet, who attached special importance to Hagia Sophia, ordered the church to be cleaned immediately and turned into a mosque, but did not change its name. The first minaret was built during his period. Although the Ottomans preferred to use stones in such structures, this minaret was made of bricks in order to build the minaret of the minarets is Sultan II. It was added by Bayezid. In the 16th century, Suleiman the Magnificent brought two giant lamps to a Hagia Sophia from a church in Hungary, which he conquered, and today these lamps are located on both sides of the of the most famous restorations of Hagia Sophia during the Ottoman period, under the command of Sultan Abdülmecit, was built between 1847 and 1849 under the auspices of Gaspare Fossati and his brother Giuseppe Fossati. Some of the gallery mosaics on the upper floor were cleaned, the ones that were destroyed were covered with plaster and the mosaic motifs on the bottom were painted on this plaster. A new madrasa and muqakkithane were built outside Hagia Sophia. Minarets were brought in the same paint. When this restoration work was completed, the Hagia Sophia was opened to the public again with a ceremony held on 13 July PeriodA series of works were carried out on the order of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Hagia Sophia, which was closed to the public due to restoration works between 1930 and 1935. These include various restorations, turning the dome with an iron belt, and uncovering and cleaning the mosaics. During the restoration, in line with the principle of secularism, ideas were put forward for the purpose of being converted back to the church, but due to the small number of Christians living in the region, the lack of demand, the possible provocations against such a magnificent church in the region and the historical importance of the architecture were taken into consideration and considering its historical importance, it was converted into a museum with the decision of the Council of Ministers dated 24 November 1934. Ataturk visited the museum, which opened on February 1, 1935, on February 6, 1935. Centuries later, with the removal of the carpets on the marble floor, the magnificent mosaics were brought to light again with the floor covering and the plaster covering the mosaics with human of Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia is a domed basilica type building that combines the basilica plan and the central plan in terms of architecture and is considered as an important turning point in the history of architecture with its dome transition and bearing system Sophia is of paramount importance with its size and architectural structure. In the world of the period it was built, no basilica planned structure could be covered with a dome in the size of the dome of Hagia Sophia and it did not have such a large interior. Although the dome of Hagia Sophia is smaller than the dome of the Pantheon in Rome, the complex and sophisticated system made up of half domes, arches and vaults applied in Hagia Sophia makes the dome more impressive by enabling it to cover a much larger space. Compared to the domes of the previous structures placed on the body walls as a carrier, such a large dome, which was placed on only four piers, is considered a revolution both in technical and aesthetic aspects in the history of architecture. Trabzon is a province and it is located on the east Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the second big city of the Black Sea region after Samsun. Trabzon is located between the Black Sea coasts and Zigana Mountains, its area is not that big. According to 2019 data, its population is 808,974. There is Giresun on the west, Gümüşhane, and Bayburt on the south and Rize on the east side of the capital district of the province is also Trabzon. Its historical importance comes from its being on the Silk Road. The region has been playing the role of a bounding area of cultures, religions, languages and it was the gateway to Persia and to archeological researches, the items have found in the area which belongs to paleolithic ages and in the written texts of Hittites, it was mentioned that some people have lived on the coasts on the Black Sea in Bronze Age. The first mentioning of the name TrapezosTrabzon is found in Xenophon’s the Great had ended the sovereignty of Persians in Anatolia. After the death of Alexander the Great Mithridates, who was the son of Ariantes II, established the Empire of TrebizondPontus State. In 280 BC, the empire added Trabzon in their the first century BC, Romans had started to occupy Anatolia and in 66 BC they conquered Trabzon. In the times of Hadrian, who is the famous Roman Emperor, the city had gone through changes. They built military and religious constructions, aqueducts, 395, Roman Empire had separated into two and Trabzon went under the rule of Byzantium. 8 years after the conquest of Istanbul by Fatih Sultan Mehmet1453, some areas in the Black Sea region has conquered by the Ottoman Empire1461. In those times, the domination of the Silk Road was in the hands of Ottomans. In the 16th century, Trabzon became a new ruling center with its unification with Sanjak of Lazistan which has Batum as a capital center. In 1867, there has been a big fire which causes to burn important buildings in the city of the WWI, Russia had attacked the Trabzon. Trabzon went under the rule of Russia until 24 February 1918. Because of the Bolshevik Revolution, which had started in 1917 in Russia, they retreated from Trabzon. After the domination of Russia, Trabzon as an important trade center was full of Muslim and Rum citizens established the Trabzon Muhafaza-i Hukuk-ı Milliye Community to make resistance to the idea of the city giving to Armenia as a trade port. It is known that there was a population which was the unity of Islam, Orthodox Rum, Armenian, Catholic and Protestant in Trabzon according to 1903 Trabzon Vilayet the fall of the Ottoman Empire the Republic of Turkey has established and Trabzon, with the code of 61, became one of the provinces of and climateTrabzon was an important reference point for navigators in the Black Sea during harsh weather. The province has four important lakes which are Uzungöl, Çakırgöl, Sera and Haldizan Lakes. There are no rivers in Trabzon but the province has several province has the typical Black Sea climate. It is cool in summers and temperate in winter. There can be seen rains throughout the year. Coasts can be rainy while some heights are snowy. Because of this frequent and abundant rains, the province is very rich with its endemic. 45% of the area is forested, 33% of the area is cultivated and planted and the other areas are formed as meadows. There are big meadows on the east sides of the 1911, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey signed an agreement to develop a harbor at the port of Trabzon. In the times of Russian domination, they built a mole and they improved this port. The Trabzon port is the second important part of the Black Sea region after Samsun. This port is playing an important role in the Trabzon-Iran transporting provinces’ other economic incomes are agriculture, farming, fishing, and forestry. 75% of the citizens are working in one of those fields. Its most important agricultural products are tea, potato, corn, hazelnut, tobacco, and wheat. Tea production is one of the most improved agricultural fields in this province like the other Black Sea and cuisineThe culture of the Trabzon region is very rich and variable because of its background. The region has seen many people over the years. In some regions of the province, some people still remained some old traditions of Turkmens. These lands were also home to the Çeşni’s who are a Turkic tribe. Evliya Çelebi mentioned them in one of his pieces. In addition, these situations are also a subject in some parts of the Dedekorkut region has many dialects and languages. Today, Trabzon citizens are speaking which has similarities with Azerbaijan’s Şeki region. Generally, they use Çeşni dialect in the west sides and Kıpçak-Kuman dialect on the east sides of the province. There are people who speak Romenika which is the Ancient Rome language/ has folkloric dances which are called horon’ and kolbastı’. They perform these dances as a whole with men and women cuisine is traditionally based on fish. One of the most important fish species in the region is hamsi’. The essential products in their foods are hamsi, corn, black cabbage, and tea. They made kuymak’ from cornflour, soup, and sarma from black cabbage. They made buğulama’ from hamsi. They are all special foods from the Black Sea and they are very to visit in TrabzonTrabzon is a province that you can find many natural beauties and historical sites. Besides enjoying its cuisine, there are many places to visit. Let’s look at some of Hagia SophiaAyasofya MüzesiIt is a church from the Byzantium period and it was built between the years 1250-1260. It is one of the most famous tourist attractions in Trabzon. The church is used as a museum today. It was turned into a mosque in the times of Fatih Sultan CastleIt is located in the city center of Trabzon and it was built in the 5th century. It is located on the highest hill in the city. The castle was built with the aim of seeing the dangers of the sea. It is assumed that because of the castles trapezoid construction they believe the city’s name is coming from this Köşkü MuseumThe mansion was built in 1890 and it carries the traces of Baroque period. In the years between 1934-1937, Atatürk had stayed in this mansion when he visits the Trabzon. Before his death, he had written his testament here. The mansion is used as a museum today. It has decorations from the 19th and 20th century and there are 344 pieces that belong to MonasteryIts construction had started in the 13th century and continued until 1923. It is located between streams and on the very high levels of the valley. Its height from the sea level is 1150m. This monastery is under the protection of UNESCO. It was built as an Orthodox church and a church complex. It is said that two priests had a dream of Jesus and Saint Mary in that location at the same time and they started to build this MonasteryIt is at the same valley with Sümela Monastery and it is assumed that it was built in 270 BC. It was devoted to John the BaptistHz. Yahya whose name is mentioned in the is a nice place to be with the provinces’ natural beauties and delicious foods. You can visit the restaurants on the hill to experience its beautiful Türkiye’nin Karadeniz bölgesinde bulunan bir ildir. Samsun’dan sonra Karadeniz’in en büyük ikinci ilidir. Yüz ölçümü çok büyük değildir ve Karadeniz kıyıları ile Zigana Dağlarının arasında bulunur. 2019 verilerine göre nüfusu 808,974’tür. Batısında Giresun, güneyinde Gümüşhane ve Bayburt, doğusunda ise Rize illeri merkez şehrinin adı da Trabzon’dur. Tarihi açıdan önemli olmasının bir nedeni de tarihi İpek Yolunda bulunmasıdır. Bu bölge farklı kültürleri, dinleri ve dilleri birleştirmiştir ve İran ile Kafkasya’ya bir geçiş kapısı çalışmalara göre bu bölgede paleolitik çağlara ait kalıntılar bulunmuştur ve Hititler’in bazı yazılı eserlerinde Bronz Çağında Karadeniz’in kıyı kesimlerinde bir topluluğun yaşadığından söz edilmektedir. TrabzonTrapezos isminin ilk bahsinin geçtiği yer Ksenophon’un Anabasis’i İskender, Persler’in Anadoludaki hakimiyetine son vermiştir. Büyük İskender’in ölümünden sonra II. Ariantes’in oğlu olan Mithridates Trabzon İmparatorluğu’nu Pontus Rum Devleti kurmuştur. 280’de Trabzon’u da topraklarına 1. yüzyılda Romalılar Anadolu’yu işgal etmeye başlamışlardır ve 66 senesinde Trabzon’u fethetmişlerdir. Ünlü Roma İmparatoru Hadrian zamanında Trabzon çeşitli değişikliklerden geçmiştir. Askeri ve dini yapılar inşa etmiş, su kemerleri senesinde Roma İmparatorluğu ikiye bölünmüş ve Trabzon Bizans toprakları içine girmiştir. Fatih Sultan Mehmet tarafından yapılan İstanbul fethinden 8 sene sonra, Karadenizdeki bazı bölgeler Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarafından fethedilmiştir1461. Bu zamanlarda İipek Yolu’nun hakimiyeti de Osmanlıya aitti. 16. yüzyılda, başkenti Batum olan Lazistan Sancağı ile birleşen Trabzon yeni bir yönetim toprağı olmuştur. 1867 senesinde büyük bir yangın çıkmış ve Trabzon’daki bazı önemli binalar Dünya Savaşı zamanında Rusya, Trabzon’a saldırmıştır. 24 Şubat 1918 senesine kadar Trabzon, Rusya hakimiyeti altında kalmıştır. 1917 senesinde Rusya’da çıkan Bolşevik Devrimi nedeniyle, Rusya bu bölgeden çekilmiştir. Rusya döneminden sonra Trabzon önemli bir merkez olmuştur ve burada hem Müslüman hem Rum aileler ticaret limanı olarak verilmesi düşüncesine direniş başlatmak için halk, Trabzon Mühafaza-i Hukuk-ı Milliye Cemiyeti’ni kurmuştur. 1903 Trabzon Vilayet Salnamesi’ne göre Trabzon’da İslam, Ortodoks Rum, Ermeni, Katolik ve Protestan nüfusun olduğu İmparatorluğunun çöküşünden sonra Türkiye Cumhuriyeti kurulmuş ve Trabzon da 61 koduyla Türkiye’nin bir ili haline ve iklimiTrabzon, Karadeniz’deki gemiciler için zor hava şartlarında önemli bir işaret noktasıydı. İlin, Uzungöl, Çakırgöl, Sera ve Haldizan olmak üzere dört önemli gölü vardır. Trabzon’da nehir yoktur fakat birkaç dere tipik Karadeniz iklimine sahiptir. Yazları serin ve kışları da ılık geçer. Yıl boyunca yağış görülebilir. Kıyılarda yağmur yağarken yüksek tepelerde kar görülebilir. Bu yoğun ve bol yağışlar nedeniyle bitki örtüsü gelişmiştir. İlin %45’ini ormanlar, %33’ünü ekili ve dikili alanlar geri kalanını ise çayırlar oluşturmaktadır. İlin doğu kesiminde oldukça geniş çayırlık alanlar senesinde, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası Trabzon iskelesine bir liman inşa etmek için anlaşma yapmıştı. Rusya egemenliği altındayken ise Ruslar, bu limanı geliştirip buraya bir dalga kıran inşa etmişlerdi. Trabzon limanı Karadeniz bölgesinde Samsundan sonra en önemli ikinci limandır. Bu liman Trabzon-İran arasındaki ticaret sahası olmasından dolayı önemli bir yere diğer gelir kaynakları ise tarımcılık, hayvancılık, ormancılık ve balıkçılıktır. Trabzon nüfusunun %75 oranındaki topluluğu bu işlerden birinde çalışmaktadır. Trabzon’un önemli tarım ürünleri şunlardır; buğday, çay, patates, fındık, tütün ve mısır. Çay üretimi en gelişmiş tarım alanıdır ve tüm Karadeniz’de de bu ve mutfağıAltyapısından dolayı Trabzon’un kültürü çok zengin ve çeşitlidir. Bu bölge zaman boyunca çeşitli insanlara ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Trabzon’da hala eski Türkmen geleneklerini uygulayan bir topluluk da vardır. Bu topraklar aynı zamanda bir Türk kabilesi olan Çeşnilere de ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Evliya Çelebi eserinde Çeşnilerden de bahsetmiştir. Ayrıca Çeşnilerin, Dedekorkut hikayelerinde de bahsi bölgesi birçok ağız ve lehçeye sahip bir bölgedir. Trabzonlular genelde Azerbaycan’ın Şeki bölgesine benzerlik gösteren bir ağızla konuşurlar. Genelde batı tarafında Çeşni, doğu taraflarında ise Kıpçak-Kuman lehçesi konuşulur. Trabzon’da hala Rumca konuşan bir kesim de bulunmaktadır.Horon’ ve kolbastı’ adlarına sahip folklor dansları vardır. Bu dansları genelde erkek kadın karışık bir şekilde hep birlikte mutfağında geleneksel olarak balık bulunur. En önemli alıkları hamsidir. Mutfaklarının vazgeçilmezleri ise mısır, hamsi, kara lahana ve çaydır. Mısır unundan kuymak’, kara lahanadan ise çorba ve sarma yaparlar. Hamsiden ise buğulama adında yaptıkları bir yemekleri vardır. Hepsi Karadeniz bölgesine ait özel yemeklerdir ve hepsi çok nereyi gezmeliTrabzon hem doğal hem de tarihi güzellikleriyle dikkat çeken bir ildir. Mutfağının güzel tatlarını denemenin yanında gezilecek birçok yer vardır. Bunlardan birkaçına Müzesi1250-1260 yılları arasında inşa edilmiş ve Bizans dönemine ait bir kilisedir. Trabzon’un en ilgi çeken turistik yerlerinden biridir. Kilise günümüzde müze olarak kullanılmaktadır. Aynı zamanda Fatih Sultan Mehmet döneminde ise cami olarak KalesiTrabzon’un şehir merkezinde bulunmaktadır ve bu yapı 5. yüzyılda inşa edilmiştir. Şehrin en yüksek tepesinde bulunur. Bu kale denizden gelen tehlikeleri gözleyebilmek için yapılmıştır. Yamuk olan şekli nedeniyle trapezoid şehrin adının buradan geldiği Köşkü Müzesi1890 senesinde yapılan bu köşk Barok dönemini yansıtan özellikler taşımaktadır. 1934-1937 yılları arasında Atatürk Trabzon’a yaptığı geziler sırasında burada kalmıştır. Ölümünden önce de vasiyetini bu köşkte yazmıştır. Günümüzde müze olarak kullanılmaktadır. 19. e 20. yüzyıllara ait dekorasyonları bulunmaktadır ve Atatürk’e ait 344 adet tablo ManastırıYapımı 13. yüzyılda başlamış ve 1923’e kadar sürmüştür. Vadinin yüksek kesimi ve dereler arasında bulunmaktadır. Deniz seviyesinden yüksekliği 1150 metredir. Bu manastır aynı zamanda UNESCO tarafından da koruma altındadır. Bir Ortodoks kilisesi ve kilise kopleksi olarak inşa edilmiştir. İki tane rahibin aynı gece bu tepede Hz. İsa ve Hzç Meryem’i görmeleri üzerine yaptırmaya başladıkları ManastırıSümela Manastır’ı ile aynı vadide bulunur. 270 yılında yapılmış olduğu düşünülmektedir. Adı İncil’de geçen Hz. Yahya’ya doğal güzellikleri ve lezzetli yemekleri ile bir araya gelmek için çok güzel bir konumdur. Tepedeki restoranları ziyaret edip muhteşem manzarasına şahitlik edebilirsiniz. Dolmabahçe Palace PresentationBeşiktaş coast area where Dolmabahçe Palace is located in an area that was an important place for the shipping work as a bay of Bosphorus. It’s a natural bay to which the ships have sheltered since the ancient time and it attired the attention of the governors at Byzantium Era. So they built royal palaces around the area. Ottoman EraThis area was used as a port for the navy ships and there were also navy ceremonies being organized there. It was later on filled up and then named as Dolmabağçe. The royal people officially lived in the Topkapı Palace but Dolmabahçe Palace was also a good place to visit for them. It was kind of a private garden of the sultan and the members of the royal family. This area consisting of mansions and gardens was named ’Beşiktaş Coastline Palace’’ till the 19th Brief History of Dolmabahçe PalaceIt’s located in the coastline area started from Beşiktaş to Kabataş. Its survey is square meters. Its construction started in 1843 and completed in 1856. This palace costed Sultan Abdülmecit for golds yet he could live there only for 5 years. Republic EraDuring the republic era, this place was Atatürk’s home in İstanbul when he visited İstanbul. The most important thing having been experienced in this palace is the death of Atatürk on 10 November 1938 in the palace. He died in room number 71. People showed him their respect while his tomb was waiting in the Muayede Salle. After Atatürk, this palace was used by İsmet İnönü during his president duty when he visited İstanbul. After the end of an only political part era, it was used to host the foreigner diplomats coming to İstanbul. Italian president Gronchi, King of Iraq Faysal, Indonesia president Sukarno, French president General de Gaulle were among the important foreigners being hosted in the palace. Turning into A MuseumIn 1952, it was decided to let the people visit the palace for one day in a week. Later on, in 1971, it was closed to visits again. It was reopened and reclosed later. In the end, on 16 July 1981, it was opened to visits again. To attire attention, the palace was divided into sections like Shahzaade Room and Harem. The Palace has been on service as a museum since palace was constructed emulating the memorial sides of the European palaces so it’s impossible to connect it to a style of architecture. As there’s not an architecture school of Dolmabahçe Palace of its own, it’s a combination of French Baroque, German Rococo, British Neo-Classism and Italians Renaissance. However, it was an Ottoman palace. No matter how much they were inspired by the West architecture, they also combined it with the Ottoman style regarding the needs of the royal family. How to Go to Dolmabahçe Palace?Dolmabahçe Palace is located in the centre of Istanbul, so it’s really easy to go there. It’s in Dolmabahçe Street, Beşiktaş. If you are going to go to the palace from Taksim, it takes around 20 minutes to walk. Or you can walk to the palace from Beşiktaş which is around 15 minutes. If you want to take a public bus, you can take one from central sites of İstanbul, like Eminönü, Levent, Etiler, Mecidiyeköy or Şişli. You should take a bus heading Beşiktaş. If you are coming from Asian Side, you can take a ferry from Üsküdar or Kadıköy and then from Beşiktaş ferry station you can walk to the Sarayı’nın bulunduğu Beşiktaş sahil kısmı, Boğaz’ın bir koyu olmasından ötürü her daim denizcilik ve gemicilik için önemli bir yer olmuştur. Bu sahil, antik zamanlardan beri gemilerin sığındığı doğal bir limandı ve Bizans zamanında bu şekilde yöneticilerin dikkatini çekmişti. Yöneticiler bu sahil bölgesi ve etrafına saraylar inşa etti. Osmanlı DönemiOsmanlı Döneminde bu bölge, donanma gemileri için kullanılıyordu. Donanma törenleri de burada yapılıyordu. Ardından sahil kısmı dolduruldu ve ’Dolmabağçe’’ adını aldı. Her ne kadar hanedan üyeleri Topkapı Sarayı’nda yaşasalar da, Dolmabahçe Saray’ı çok sık ziyaret ettikleri bir yerdi. Dolmabahçe Sarayı o zamanlar padişah ve ailesinin has bahçesi gibiydi. 19. Yüzyıla kadar, köşkler ve bahçelerin bulunduğu bu alana ’ Beşiktaş Sahil Sarayı’’ deniliyordu. Dolmabahçe’nin Kısa TarihiDolmabahçe Saray’ı, Beşiktaş-Kabataş arasında, metre karelik bir alanı kapsar. İnşasına 1843 yılında başlanmış ve inşası 1856 yılında tamamlanmıştır. Bu sarayın yapımı, Sultan Abdülmecit’e altına mal olmuştur. Buna rağmen sultan bu sarayda yalnızca 5 yıl yaşayabilmiştir. Cumhuriyet DönemiCumhuriyet Döneminde, Dolmabahçe Sarayı, Atatürk’ün İstanbul’a geldiğinde ikamet ettiği yerdi. Bu sarayda yaşanan en önemli olay, Atatürk’ün 10 Kasım 1938 sabahı, sarayın 71 numaralı odasında hayatını kaybetmesidir. Atatürk’ün naaşı Muayede Salonu’nda bekletilirken, önünden geçen insanlar ona saygılarını göstermiştir. Atatürk’ten sonra, Dolmabahçe Sarayı, cumhurbaşkanlığı sırasında yaptığı İstanbul ziyaretlerinde, İsmet İnönü tarafından kullanılmıştır. Tek partili dönem sonrasında, Dolmabahçe Sarayı, İstanbul’a gelen yabancı ziyaretçileri ağırlamak için kullanılmıştır. İtalya cumhurbaşkanı Gronchi, Irak kralı Faysal, Endonezya Cumhurbaşkanı Sukarno, Fransız Cumhurbaşkanı General de Gaulle bu sarayda ağırlanan önemli misafirlerden yalnızca birkaçıdır. Müzeye Dönüştürülmesi 1952 yılında, sarayın haftada bir kereye mahsus halkın ziyaretine açılmasına karar verilmiştir. Ama 1971’de, tekrar ziyarete kapatılmıştır. Bu sure sonrasında, birkaç kez ziyarete açılıp kapatılan saray, 16 Temmuz 1982’de tekrar ziyarete açılmıştır. Sarayda, halkın ilgisini çekmek için Veliaht Odası ve Harem gibi odalar açılmıştır. Dolmabahçe Sarayı 1984 yılından beri müze olarak hizmet vermektedir. MimarisiDolmabahçe Sarayı, Avrupa’daki anıtlara Özenilerek inşa edilmiştir. Bu sebeple kendine has bir mimari tarzı yoktur. Fransız Barok’u, Alman Rokokosu, İngiliz Neoklasizmi ve İtalyan Rönesans’ının bir birleşimidir. Her ne kadar Avrupa mimarisinden etkilenerek yapılsa da, Dolmabahçe Saray’ı bir Osmanlı Sarayı’dır ve hanedan üyelerinin ihtiyaçlarına yönelik olarak düzenlenmiştir. Dolmabahçe Sarayı’na Nasıl Gidilir? Dolmabahçe Sarayı İstanbul’un kalbinde bulunur. Bu sebeple saraya gitmek çok kolaydır. Eğer Dolmabahçe Sarayı’na, Taksim’den gidecekseniz, yürüyerek 20 dakikada ulaşabilirsiniz. Aynı şekilde Beşiktaş’tan da yürüyerek 15 dakikada saraya ulaşmak mümkündür. Eğer saraya toplu taşıma kullanarak gitmek istiyorsanız, Eminönü, Levent, Etiler, Mecidiköy ya da Şişli gibi İstanbul’un merkezi noktalarından Beşiktaş yönüne giden otobüslere binebilirsiniz. Eğer Anadolu Yakası’ndan geliyorsanız, Üsküdar ya da Kadıköy’den Beşiktaş vapuruna binip, iskeleden saraya yürüyerek ulaşabilirsiniz. İngilizce Trabzon tanıtımı, Trabzonun ingilizce tanıtımı Trabzon Greek ραπεζούνα, Trapezounta is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon, located on the historical Silk Road became a melting pot of religions, languages and culture for centuries and a trade gateway to Iran in the east, Russia and the Caucasus to the North. Venetian and Genoese paid visit and sold silk, linen and woolen fabric. During the Ottoman period Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, became a focal point of trade to Iran, India and the Caucasus. Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history, and was the capital city of the Empire of Trebizond. The population of the city is 400,187 2006 census. Ancient and Mediaeval Originally, it was founded as Trebizond ραπεζοῦ by Greek traders from Miletus traditionally in 756 BC.The city was one of a number about ten of Milesian emporia, or trading colonies along the shores of the Black Sea. Others include Sinope, Abydos and Cyzicus in the Dardanelles. Like most Greek colonies, the city was a small enclave of Greek life, and not an empire unto its own, in the later European sense of the trade partners included the Mossynoeci. When Xenophon and the “ten thousand” Greek mercenaries were fighting their way out of Persia, the first Greek city they reached was Trebizond Xenophon, Anabasis, The city and the local Mossynoeci had become estranged from the Mossynoecian capital, to the point of civil war. Xenophon’s force resolved this in the rebels’ favor, and so in Trebizond’s city was added to the kingdom of Pontus by Mithridates VI Eupator and it became home port for the Pontic the kingdom was annexed to the Roman province of Galatia in 64–65, the fleet passed to new commanders, becoming the Classis Pontica. Trebizond gained importance under Roman rule in the 1st century for its access to road leading over the Zigana Pass to the Armenian frontier or the upper Euphrates valley. New roads were constructed from Persia and Mesopotamia under the rule of Vespasian, and Hadrian commissioned improvements to give the city a more structured harbor. A mithraeum now serves as a crypt for the church of Panaghia Theoskepastos in nearby Kizlara, east of the citadel and south of the modern harbor. The city was pillaged by the Goths in 258, and, although it was afterwards re-built, Trebizond did not recover until the trade route regained importance in the 8th to 10th the Fourth Crusade in 1204, a Byzantine successor state was founded there with support of Queen Tamar of Georgia, the Empire of Trebizond, which ruled part of the Black Sea coast from Trebizond until 1461, when its ruler, David, surrendered to Mehmed II, ruler of the Ottoman Empire. Following this takeover Mehmed sent many Turkish settlers into the area, but the old ethnic Armenian, Greek and Laz communities remained. During the late Ottoman period, the city had a great Christian influence in terms of culture, and a wealthy merchant class who created several Western consulates. Modern era Ortahisar neighbourhood in winterIn 1901 the harbour was equipped with cranes by Stothert and Pitt of Bath in England. The city was the site of one of the key battles between the Ottoman and Russian armies during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I which resulted in the capture of Trebizond by the Russian army under command of Grand Duke Nicholas and Nikolai Yudenich in April 1916. Following the Treaty of Sèvres and subsequent Treaty of Lausanne, Trebizond again became a part of Turkey. After World War I, European publications increasingly adopted local names for Turkish cities rather than traditional forms of Greek or Italian origin, and Trebizond became known to English-language readers as World War II shipping activity was limited because the Black Sea had again become a war zone. Hence the most important export products, tobacco and hazelnut, could not be sold and living standards a result of the general development of the country, Trabzon has developed its economic and commercial life. The Coastal Highway and a new harbour have increased commercial relations with Central Anatolia, which has led to some growth. However, progress has been slow in comparison with the western and the southwestern parts of is famous throughout Turkey for its anchovies, which are the main meal in many restaurants in the city. Major exports from Trabzon are hazelnuts and city still has a sizable community of Greek-speaking Muslims, most of whom are originally from the vicinities of Tonya and Of. However, the Pontic Greek language known as Πονιακά, Pontiaka is spoken mostly by the older is known as a stronghold of ultra-nationalistic political currents in Turkey. In April 2006, Catholic priest Andrea Santoro was murdered in his church in Trabzon. Ogün Samast, the suspect in the January 2007 murder of Armenian intellectual Hrant Dink, is from Trabzon. Geography and climate The province has a total area of km² and it is bordered by the provinces of Rize, Giresun and Gümüşhane. The total area is 22,4% plateaux and 77,6% hills. Rivers The Değirmendere former Piksidis, Yanbolu, Fol, Karadere, Koha, Sürmene former Manahos, Solaklı, Baltacı and İyidere former Kalopotamos Lakes Çakırgöl, Uzungöl, Serra Gölü Climate Trabzon has a typical Black Sea climate, with rain the year round and temperatures reaching up to around 27°C in the summer. Winters are cool and damp, and the lowest temperature is around 5°C in January. The water temperature fluctuates between 10°–20°C throughout the year. People Greek has been spoken in the region since early antiquity. The local dialect developed along its own lines and is today partly intelligible to speakers of Standard Greek. It was spoken mainly by a Greek Orthodox population up until the population exchange; nearly all speakers are now Muslim. Laz people also live in Chepnis, an Oghuz tribe that played an important role in the history of the Eastern Black Sea area in the 13th and 14th centuries, live in the Şalpazarı Ağasar valley region of the Trabzon was an Armenian community in Trebizond as early as the 7th century. During the Mongol invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries, numerous Armenian families fled here from Ani. According to Ronald C. Jennings, in the early 1500s, Armenians made up approximately 13 percent of the city’s population, and they numbered roughly equal to the Muslims in the city in that period. In the late 19th century the Armenian community was persecuted during the Hamidian massacres. Prior to WWI, a sizable Armenian community of 30,000 was present in the city. During the Armenian Genocide, most were killed or deported. Following the Russian capture of Trabzon in April 1916, some 500 Armenian survivors, as well as monks of the local Armenian monastery returned. They remained there till after the has a sizeable Russian minority, who began emigrating to the region after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Russian language shops and facilities can be found in the town. Russians are generally subject to stereotypes and suspicion. A subset of Russian women work in the local prostitution industry and are thus derisively known as “Natashas” by of the presence of Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon hosts students from all over Turkey, especially the East and the Black Sea region, as well as students from Central Asian states. Origin of the Pontic Turks and Greeks Very little has been written on the Turkification of the area. There are no historical records of any considerable Turkish-speaking groups in the Trabzon area until the late 15th century, with the exception of the Chepnis. The original Greek and in some regions Armenian speakers imposed features from their mother language into Turkish. Heath W. Lowry’s work about Ottoman tax books Tahrir Defteri with Halil İnalcık claims that most Turks of Trabzon city are of Greek is possible that the majority of the population of Trabzon and Rize and other ancient Greek colonies in the Pontus region — except up to the time of the Chepni Turk immigration waves — consisted of indigenous Caucasian tribes the Colchians and the Laz who had been partly Hellenized religiously and linguistically. Michael Meeker stresses the cultural resemblances in village structure, house types, and pastoral techniques between the Eastern Black Sea coast and the areas in the Caucasus proper. Tourist attractions Trabzon has a number of tourist attractions, some of them dating back to the times of the ancient empires that once existed in the region. In the city itself, one can find a hub of shops, stalls and restaurants surrounding the “Meydan”, a square in the center of the city, which includes a tea Hagia Sophia Turkish Ayasofya Müzesi, a stunning Byzantine church, is probably the town’s most important tourist attraction. Trabzon Castle ruins are visible in the town but cannot be visited as they fall in a military zone. The outside wall of the castle now serves as the back wall of a military building. Atatürk Köşkü is a lovely Victorian-era villa, which was given to Atatürk when he visited Trabzon in 1924. It houses period rooms and acts as a shrine to the memory of the Turks’ beloved great leader. Boztepe Park is a small park and tea garden on the hills above Trabzon that has a panoramic view of nearly the entire city. The terrain in Trabzon is such that although the view is far above that of the buildings below, it is still close enough to be able to observe the flow of traffic and the people moving about in the city. Trabzon Museum is located in the town center and offers interesting exhibits on the history of the region, including an impressive collection of Byzantine-era artifacts. Trabzon’s Bazaar District offers interesting shopping opportunities on ancient narrow streets, continuing from Kunduracilar Street from the Meydan town square. Kostaki Mansion is located ob the north of Zeytinlik near Uzun Sokak. Within Trabzon Province, the main attractions are the Sümela Monastery and Uzungöl. The monastery is built on the side of a very steep mountain overlooking the green forests below and is about 50km south of the city. Uzungöl is famous for the natural beauty of the area and the amazing important sites of interest include Kaymaklı Monastery, Kızlar Panagia Theoskepastos Monastery, Kuştul Gregorios Peristera Monastery, Kızlar Panagia Kerameste Monastery, Vazelon Monastery, Hagios Savvas Maşatlık Cave Churches, Hagia Anna Little Ayvasıl, Sotha St. John, Hagios Theodoros, Hagios Konstantinos, Hagios Khristophoras, Hagios Kiryaki, Santa Maria, Hagios Mikhail and Panagia Tzita churches, Fatih Mosque originally the Panagia Khrysokephalos Church, Yeni Cuma Mosque originally the Hagios Eugenios Church, Nakip Mosque originally the Hagios Andreas Church, Hüsnü Köktuğ Mosque originally the Hagios Eleutherios Church, İskender Pasha Mosque, Semerciler Mosque, Çarşı Mosque, and the Gülbahar Hatun Mosque and Türbe. Food Trabzon regional cuisine is traditionally reliant on fish, especially Hamsi fresh European Anchovies similar to British Sprat or American Smelt. Trabzon, which meets 20% of total fish production in Turkey, has an important potential in the fishing sector in Turkey. Food in the Trabzon region represents the hearty lifestyle of the Turkish people who live on the shores of this Black Sea city. While not a gourmet-food center, there are some delicious regional dishes such as Akcaabat kofte spicy lamb meatball from the Akcaabat district, Karadeniz pidesi canoe shaped bread, often with ground beef, cheese, eggs, Sucuk Turkish sausage and pastirma, kuymak a Turkish fondue made with cornmeal and plenty of fresh butter and cheese, Vakfikebir ekmek large country style bread, tava misir ekmek deep dish corn bread and kara lahana corbasi bean and cabbage soup. Don’t miss the Taflan kavurmisι a cherry laurel dish served with onions and olive oil and Kalkan Flounder. Trabzon is famous for its hazelnuts and the traveler should experience them in any form. The Turks feel they are exceptionally good for your health. The best way to experience real Trabzon cuisine and culture is to get yourself invited to a local’s home. Culture Being open towards other cultures and religions plays a significant role in life styles of Trabzon populace. Muslims and Christians lived together in past as well as today, making the city proud heir to a rich cultural heritage. Folklore is still a living tradition in Trabzon and Black Sea region. Known as horon in Trabzon and surrounding areas is a famous folk dance peculiar to the region, and it is performed by men, women, young and elderly people in festivities, local weddings and harvest times . Trabzon culture has a reputation for being religiously conservative and nationalist. Many Trabzonites generally show a strong sense of loyalty to family, friends, their religion, and Turkey. The people of Trabzon are particularly proud of their role in the history of Turkey. Atatürk the Father of Turkey, selected Laz guards from Trabzon because of their fierce fighting ability and their loyalty to Black Sea region has a myriad of village and local folk culture, especially evident in folk music, folk dances, and local cuisine specialties. One of the more spirited folk dances in Turkey comes from the Trabzon region. While similar to Russian Kazak dances, the Trabzon folk dance is unique to Turkey and the of the relatively urban space of Trabzon proper, and within it as well, rural traditions from Black Sea village life are still thriving. This includes traditional gender roles, social conservatism, hospitality and willingness to help strangers, and all the trappings, both positive and negative, of an agrarian lifestyle, such as hard work, poverty, strong family ties, and a closeness to city’s fame was increased in the English-speaking world by Dame Rose Macaulay’s last novel, The Towers of Trebizond 1956, which is still in print Sports Football is by far the most popular sport in Trabzon, as Trabzonspor is the only Turkish club in Anatolia to win the Turkish Super League 6 times apart from the “Big Three” of Istanbul Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş. Due to Trabzonspor’s success, the decades-old term “Big Three” which defined the largest clubs of Turkey had to be modified into the “Big Four”. Trabzonspor is also one of the most successful Turkish clubs in the European Cups, managing to beat numerous prominent teams like Barcelona, Inter, Liverpool, Aston Villa and Olympique hosted the First Edition of the Black Sea Games in July, 2007. Notable natives Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Emperor St. Eugenius of Trebizond, Christian saint and martyr Johannes Bessarion, bishop, scholar and writer who influenced the Renaissance George of Trebizond, philosopher, scholar and writer who influenced the Renaissance Michael Panaretos, Greek historian and statesman Gregory Choniades, Greek astronomer John VIII, Greek Orthodox Patriarch Cevdet Sunay, General and 5th President of Turkey Hasan Saka, politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Prime Minister Osman Şirin, President of the High Court of Appeals of Turkey Ioannis Passalidis, Greek politician Bahriye Üçok, theologist, politician, writer, columnist and women’s rights activist Arshak Fetvajian, Armenian artist, architecture expert Adnan Kahveci 1949 – February 5, 1993 Turkish politician. Altan Öymen, journalist, writer and politician Ertem Eğilmez, Film Director Erol Günaydın, Actor Şevket Altuğ, Actor Engin Ardıç, writer and TV commentator Volkan Konak musician Şenol Güneş, football player and manager Tugay Kerimoğlu, football player Hami Mandıralı, football player Fatih Tekke, football player Nihat Genç, writer Sunay Akın, writer Periklis Hristoforidis, Greek actor Basilius Bessarion 1403-1427 Greek scholar, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople Dimitris Psathas 1907-1979 Greek playwright Ayasofya Müzesi’ni İngilizce olarak tanıtır mısınız? The Church of the Holy Wisdom, known as Hagia Sophia Άγια οφία in Greek, Sancta Sophia in Latin, and Ayasofya or Aya Sofya in Turkish, is a former Byzantine church and former Ottoman mosque in Istanbul. Now a museum, Hagia Sophia is universally acknowledged as one of the great buildings of the world. HistoryUnfortunately nothing remains of the original Hagia Sophia, which was built on this site in the fourth century by Constantine the Great. Constantine was the first Christian emperor and the founder of the city of Constantinople, which he called “the New Rome.” The Hagia Sophia was one of several great churches he built in important cities throughout his empire. Following the destruction of Constantine’s church, a second was built by his son Constantius and the emperor Theodosius the Great. This second church was burned down during the Nika riots of 532, though fragments of it have been excavated and can be seen Sophia was rebuilt in her present form between 532 and 537 under the personal supervision of Emperor Justinian I. It is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture, rich with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings. After completion, Justinian is said to have exclaimed, Νενίκηκά ε ολομών “Solomon, I have outdone thee!”. The architects of the church were Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles, who were professors of geometry at the University of Constantinople. Their work was a technical triumph, even though the structure was severely damaged several times by earthquakes. The original dome collapsed after an earthquake in 558 and its replacement fell in 563. Steps were taken to better secure the dome, but there were additional partial collapses in 989 and 1346. Justinian’s basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement of Late Antiquity and the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Its influence, both architecturally and liturgically, was widespread and enduring in the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Muslim worlds alike. For over 900 years the Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople and a principal setting for church councils and imperial ceremonies. In 1204 the cathedral was ruthlessly attacked, desecrated and plundered by the Crusaders, who also forcibly replaced the Patriarch of Constantinople with a Latin bishop. This event cemented the division of the Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches that began with the “Great Schism” of 1054. Many of Hagia Sophia’s riches can be seen today not in Istanbul, but in the treasury of St. Mark’s Basilica in Venice. Despite this setback, Hagia Sophia remained a functioning church until May 29, 1453, when Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror entered triumphantly into the city of Constantinople. He was amazed at the beauty of the Hagia Sophia and immediately converted it into his imperial mosque. Hagia Sophia served as the principal mosque of Istanbul for almost 500 years. It became a model for many of the Ottoman mosques of Istanbul such as the Blue Mosque, the Suleiman Mosque, the Shehzade Mosque and the Rustem Pasha Mosque. No major structural changes were made at first; the addition of a mihrab prayer niche, minbar pulpit and a wooden minaret made a mosque out of the church. At some early point, all the faces depicted in the church’s mosaics were covered in plaster due to the Islamic prohibition of figurative imagery. Various additions were made over the centuries by successive sultans. Sultan Mehmed II built a madrasa religious school near the mosque and organized a waqf for its expenses. Extensive restorations were conducted by Mimar Sinan during the rule of Selim II, including the original sultan’s loge and another minaret. Mimar Sinan built the mausoleum of Selim II to the southeast of the mosque in 1577 and the mausoleums of Murad III and Mehmed III were built next to it in the 1600s. Mahmud I ordered a restoration of the mosque in 1739 and added an ablution fountain, Koranic school, soup kitchen and library, making the mosque the center of a social complex. The most famous restoration of the Hagia Sophia was completed between 1847-49 by Abdülmecid II, who invited Swiss architects Gaspare and Guiseppe Fossati to renovate the mosque. The brothers consolidated the dome and vaults, straightened columns,and revised the decoration of the exterior and the interior. The discovery of the figural mosaics after the secularization of Hagia Sophia was guided by the descriptions of the Fossati brothers, who had uncovered them a century earlier for cleaning and recording. The Fossatis also added the calligraphic roundels that remain today. They were commissioned to calligrapher Kazasker Izzet Efendi and replaced older panels hanging on the piers. In 1934, under Turkish president Kemal Atatürk, Hagia Sofia was secularized and turned into the Ayasofya Museum. The prayer rugs were removed, revealing the marble beneath, but the mosaics remained largely plastered over and the building was allowed to decay for some time. Some of the calligraphic panels were moved to other mosques, but eight roundels were left and can still be seen today. A 1993 UNESCO mission to Turkey noted falling plaster, dirty marble facings, broken windows, decorative paintings damaged by moisture, and ill-maintained lead roofing. Cleaning, roofing and restoration have since been undertaken; many recent visitors have found their view obstructed by a huge scaffolding stretching up into the dome in the center of the nave. What to SeeFor a more visual description, see our interactive Hagia Sophia Floor Plan or browse our Hagia Sophia Photo Gallery. Click links in the text for photos. The Hagia Sophia has a classical basilica plan. The main ground plan of the building is a rectangle, 230 feet 70 m in width and 246 feet 75 m in length. The area is covered by a central dome photo of outside and inside with a diameter of 31 meters 102 feet, which is just slightly smaller than that of the Pantheon in Rome. The main dome is carried on pendentives four concave triangular sections of masonry which solve the problem of setting the circular base of a dome on a rectangular base. Each pendentive is decorated with a seraphim. The weight of the dome passes through the pendentives to four massive piers at the corners, and between them the dome seems to float upon four great arches. At the western and eastern ends, the arched openings are extended by semi-domes. The flat wall on each side of the interior north and south is called a tympanum, and each one has 12 large windows in two rows, seven in the lower and five in the upper. Just outside the entrance, stone cannonballs line the gravel path of the outer courtyard. These are the actual cannonballs used by Mehmet the Conqueror in his victorious 1453 battle for the city. All interior surfaces are sheathed with polychrome marble, green and white with purple porphyry, and gold mosaics. On the exterior, simple stuccoed walls reveal the clarity of massed vaults and domes. The Islamic calligraphic roundels suspended from the main dome since the 19th century remain in place and make for a fascinating religious contrast with the uncovered Christian mosaics. The names painted on the eight wooden medallions are Allah and Muhammad flanking the apse; the first four Caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali at the four corners of the dome; and the two grandsons of Mohammed, Hasan and Husayn in the nave. The Byzantine mosaics are being gradually uncovered, but only those on the higher gallery levels, which can be accessed by stairways on the payment of a fee. This means that Muslims do not have to confront much Christian imagery in the main chamber of the building, which was a mosque for nearly 500 years and retains all the equipment of a mosque. When the Hagia Sophia was used as a place of worship, both for Christians and then for Muslims, the focus of the building was the east end, directly across from the entrance. This is because Christian churches are traditionally oriented towards the east, and Muslims always pray facing Mecca, which is east of Istanbul. Thus the bulk of interesting sights are clustered in this area of the Hagia Sophia’s huge nave. At ground level, most of the sights date from the Islamic period. A beautiful marble structure in the apse is the mihrab, a niche found in all mosques that indicates the direction of Mecca. The large freestanding stairway to the right of the mihrab is the minbar, or pulpit from which sermons were given. To the left of the mihrab is the grand sultan’s loge, built by the Fossati brothers who restored the Hagia Sophia in the 1800s. Looking up from this area, one sees a splendid apse mosaic depicting the Virgin and Child. On the right is a partly damaged Archangel Gabriel mosaic. Gabriel used to face an Archangel Michael mosaic on the other side of the apse, but this is now almost entirely gone. The most famous of the Hagia Sophia’s mosaics are on the upper floor, in the galleries. The South Gallery, where the great mosaics are, was used for church councils. When the Hagia Sophia was a mosque, the galleries were the place where women sat during worship services. Today, the galleries provide visitors with a commanding view of the nave from all sides and a closeup view of some of the best Byzantine mosaics to be seen anywhere. The best-known mosaic is called the Deësis Mosaic, and it is the first you come to as you enter the South Gallery through the Marble Door. It depicts a triumphant and kingly Christ known as “Christ Pantrocrator”, flanked by the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist. At the end of the South Gallery are two golden Byzantine mosaics. On the left is Christ with Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus and Empress Zoe; on the right is the Virgin and Child with Emperor John II Comnenus and Empress Irene. The modern exit from the Hagia Sophia is through the Vestibule of the Warriors, so called because it is where the emperor’s bodyguards waited while he worshipped. Up high and behind you as you walk out is a splendid mosaic of the Virgin with Constantine and Justinian. Constantine the Great presents to the Virgin a model of the city of Constantinople Istanbul, which he founded, and Emperor Justinian presents the church of the Hagia Sophia, which he rebuilt. This mosaic dates probably from the 10th century. There are several interesting things to see outside Hagia Sophia, including three mausoleums of sultans, the church’s baptistery, and the excavated remains of Theodosius’ Hagia Sophia.

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